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Periodontology 2000 Feb 2020In humans, the composition of microbial communities differs among body sites and between habitats within a single site. Patterns of variation in the distribution of... (Review)
Review
In humans, the composition of microbial communities differs among body sites and between habitats within a single site. Patterns of variation in the distribution of organisms across time and space are referred to as "biogeography." The human oral cavity is a critical observatory for exploring microbial biogeography because it is spatially structured, easily accessible, and its microbiota has been linked to the promotion of both health and disease. The biogeographic features of microbial communities residing in spatially distinct, but ecologically similar, environments on the human body, including the subgingival crevice, have not yet been adequately explored. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we seek to provide the dental community with a primer on biogeographic theory, highlighting its relevance to the study of the human oral cavity. We summarize what is known about the biogeographic variation of dental caries and periodontitis and postulate that disease occurrence reflects spatial patterning in the composition and structure of oral microbial communities. Second, we present a number of methods that investigators can use to test specific hypotheses using biogeographic theory. To anchor our discussion, we apply each method to a case study and examine the spatial variation of the human subgingival microbiota in 2 individuals. Our case study suggests that the composition of subgingival communities may conform to an anterior-to-posterior gradient within the oral cavity. The gradient appears to be structured by both deterministic and nondeterministic processes, although additional work is needed to confirm these findings. A better understanding of biogeographic patterns and processes will lead to improved efficacy of dental interventions targeting the oral microbiota.
Topics: Dental Caries; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis
PubMed: 31850642
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12268 -
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and... 2021This article aims to narrate the various oral complications in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. Google search for "diabetes mellitus and oral complications"... (Review)
Review
This article aims to narrate the various oral complications in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. Google search for "diabetes mellitus and oral complications" was done. The search was also carried out for "diabetes mellitus" and its oral complications individually. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that is a global epidemic and a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world today. Currently, there are about 422 million cases of diabetes mellitus worldwide. Diabetic patients can develop different complications in the body such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease. Complications in the oral cavity have been observed in individuals suffering from diabetes mellitus. A study noted that more than 90% of diabetic patients suffered from oral complications. Another research has shown a greater prevalence of oral mucosal disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus than non-diabetic population: 45-88% in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to 38.3-45% in non-diabetic subjects and 44.7% in type 1 diabetic individuals compared to 25% in the non-diabetic population. Oral complications in people with diabetes are periodontal disease, dental caries, oral infections, salivary dysfunction, taste dysfunction, delayed wound healing, tongue abnormalities, halitosis, and lichen planus. The high glucose level in saliva, poor neutrophil function, neuropathy, and small vessel damage contribute to oral complications in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes. Good oral health is imperative for healthy living. Oral complications cause deterioration to the quality of life in diabetic patients. Complications like periodontal disease having a bidirectional relationship with diabetes mellitus even contribute to increased blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. This article intends to promote awareness regarding the oral health of diabetics and to stress the importance of maintaining proper oral hygiene, taking preventive measures, early detection, and appropriate management of oral complications of these patients through a multidisciplinary approach.
PubMed: 34234496
DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S318972 -
Archivum Immunologiae Et Therapiae... Oct 2016Vitamin D belongs to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids which assume many roles in the human organism. In humans the most important forms are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2.... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D belongs to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids which assume many roles in the human organism. In humans the most important forms are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2. Their primary function is the regulation of the calcium and phosphorus balance, which promote the growth of healthy bony tissue. Studies over the past few years have revealed a much wider role of vitamin D involving the aging processes, carcinogenesis, the carbohydrate balance as well as the effects on the course of various infections. In this paper we discuss the basic functions of vitamin D in the human body and the mechanisms of its activity and we summarize recent reports on the impact of vitamin D on the oral cavity with a special emphasis on autoimmunologic diseases, including: recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Behçet syndrome and Sjögren syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Candidiasis, Oral; Carbohydrates; Dental Caries; Fever; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Lymphadenitis; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Periodontitis; Pharyngitis; Phosphorus; Sjogren's Syndrome; Stomatitis; Syndrome; Vitamin D
PubMed: 26860322
DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0384-z -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2020Worldwide, populations of all ages suffer from oral diseases, disorders, pathological conditions of the oral cavity, and their impact on the human body [...].
Worldwide, populations of all ages suffer from oral diseases, disorders, pathological conditions of the oral cavity, and their impact on the human body [...].
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Dental Materials; Humans; Research
PubMed: 33271789
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239154 -
International Journal of Clinical... 2015Despite the advancements in dentistry, dental caries still remains the most common disease of the oral cavity. A major reason for this scenario is because the dental...
Despite the advancements in dentistry, dental caries still remains the most common disease of the oral cavity. A major reason for this scenario is because the dental professionals are still clinging to the outdated surgical model of dental caries. This traditional approach of caries management forces the tooth to enter into the 'restoration cycle' which usually involves several lifetime replacement procedures, resulting in increased restoration size, even more invasive procedures and finally a prosthesis. We need to acknowledge that, by simply drilling and filling the carious lesions, this disease cannot be controlled. Like other infectious diseases of the human body, if the etiological factors are not identified and managed appropriately, the disease will continue.
PubMed: 26124589
DOI: No ID Found -
Oral Diseases May 2011For the past two decades, salivary diagnostic approaches have been developed to monitor oral diseases such as periodontal diseases and to assess caries risk. Recently,... (Review)
Review
For the past two decades, salivary diagnostic approaches have been developed to monitor oral diseases such as periodontal diseases and to assess caries risk. Recently, the combination of emerging biotechnologies and salivary diagnostics has extended the range of saliva-based diagnostics from the oral cavity to the whole physiologic system as most compounds found in blood are also present in saliva. Accordingly, saliva can reflect the physiologic state of the body, including emotional, endocrinal, nutritional and metabolic variations and acts as a source for the monitoring of oral and also systemic health. This review presents an update on the status of saliva diagnostics and delves into their applications to the discovery of biomarkers for cancer detection and therapeutic applications. Translating scientific findings of nucleic acids, proteins and metabolites in body fluids to clinical applications is a cumbersome and challenging journey. Our research group is pursuing the biology of salivary analytes and the development of technologies for detection of distinct biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. The avenue of saliva diagnostics incorporating transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic findings will enable us to connect salivary molecular analytes to monitor therapies, therapeutic outcomes, and finally disease progression in cancer.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biomarkers, Tumor; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Disease Progression; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Metabolome; Neoplasms; Periodontal Diseases; Proteome; Risk Assessment; Saliva; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21122035
DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01773.x -
Systematic Reviews Nov 2012The authors undertook an updated systematic review of the relationship between body mass index and dental caries in children and adolescents. (Review)
Review
THE OBJECTIVE
The authors undertook an updated systematic review of the relationship between body mass index and dental caries in children and adolescents.
METHOD
The authors searched Medline, ISI, Cochrane, Scopus, Global Health and CINAHL databases and conducted lateral searches from reference lists for papers published from 2004 to 2011, inclusive. All empirical papers that tested associations between body mass index and dental caries in child and adolescent populations (aged 0 to 18 years) were included.
RESULTS
Dental caries is associated with both high and low body mass index.
CONCLUSION
A non-linear association between body mass index and dental caries may account for inconsistent findings in previous research. We recommend future research investigate the nature of the association between body mass index and dental caries in samples that include a full range of body mass index scores, and explore how factors such as socioeconomic status mediate the association between body mass index and dental caries.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Mass Index; Child; Dental Caries; Humans; Obesity; Thinness
PubMed: 23171603
DOI: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-57 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2022Diet is a factor that can modify the course of caries, dental erosion and periodontal diseases.
BACKGROUND
Diet is a factor that can modify the course of caries, dental erosion and periodontal diseases.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of dietary habits and the anthropometric parameters on oral health.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
50 females and 45 males aged 19-21 years were examined in a cross-sectional study. Oral health was assessed utilizing selected dental indices: approximal plaque index (API), bleeding on probing (BoP), community periodontal index (CPI), and DMFT (D - decayed, M - missing, F - filled, T - teeth). In addition, dental erosion was assessed. Anthropometric measurements included body mass, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, skinfold thickness, fatty and lean body mass, body fat percentage, and total body water. The frequency of consumption of food products was determined with the use of the Questionnaire on Food Products Frequency Intake. Student's t tests, the χ2 tests and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to analyze the results.
RESULTS
The average DMFT was 9.92, API was 52.97% and BoP was 20.46%. Dental erosion was observed in 44.21% of cases. A total of 11.58% of the study population were classified as CPI 0, 30.53% as CPI 1 and 57.89% as CPI 2. The consumption of crisps and cereal products increased caries (p = 0.003). Dental erosion was associated with the consumption of fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, and alcoholic beverages. The consumption of sugar, sweets and alcoholic beverages increased API and BoP. Caries rarely occurred in people who ate fruit and vegetables on a daily basis. The anthropometric parameters were associated with oral hygiene, gingivitis and body weight disorders (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Rational nutrition not only plays a role in the development of general systemic diseases, but also has an effect on oral health. Besides providing instructions on oral hygiene, dentists should also assess the eating habits of their patients.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Incidence; Tooth Erosion; DMF Index; Feeding Behavior; Dental Caries
PubMed: 36507621
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/134749 -
Dentistry Journal Apr 2021Influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have caused respiratory diseases worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a... (Review)
Review
Influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have caused respiratory diseases worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a global health concern requiring emergent measures. These viruses enter the human body through the oral cavity and infect respiratory cells. Since the oral cavity has a complex microbiota, influence of oral bacteria on respiratory virus infection is considered. Saliva has immune molecules which work as the front line in the biophylactic mechanism and has considerable influence on the incidence and progression of respiratory viral infection. Salivary scavenger molecules, such as gp340 and sialic acid, have been reported to exert anti-influenza virus activity. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) has potential to acquire immunity against these viruses. Biological features of the oral cavity are thought to affect viral infection in respiratory organs in various ways. In this review, we reviewed the literature addressing the impact of oral conditions on respiratory infectious diseases caused by viruses.
PubMed: 33924596
DOI: 10.3390/dj9040043